A 64-Gb/s 0.33-pJ/Bit PAM4 Receiver Analog Front-End With a Single-Stage Triple-Peaking CTLE Achieving 22.5-dB Boost in 40-nm CMOS Process

This work presents a PAM4 receiver analog frontend (AFE) operating up to 64 Gb/s. The electronic integrated circuit (EIC) is fabricated in 40-nm CMOS technology. This AFE is composed of a single-stage Continuous-Time Linear Equalizer (CTLE), a Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA), an input impedance matching network, a buffer stage, and an output buffer. The single-stage triple-peaking CTLE proposed employs current reuse technique and a multi-feedback structure, enabling the adjustment of peaking in the low, mid, and high-frequency bands. Thus, only one-stage CTLE is sufficient to achieve an over-20-dB boost at Nyquist frequency to save power. The VGA adopts an enhanced structure based on the Gilbert cell, where the gain is manipulated by controlling the gate voltage of MOS transistors. The CTLE undergoes variations in its DC gain during the adjustment process to equalize channel losses. The role of the VGA is to stable the DC gain changes induced by the adjustment of the CTLE. The output buffer adopts two stages, aiming to ensure that the gain does not attenuate excessively while maintaining output impedance matching. The AFE consumes 21.1 mW with a supply voltage of 1.5/1 V. It can provide a maximum boost of 22.5 dB, and the data rate reaches up to 64 Gb/s. Additionally, it features peaking adjustment capabilities in the low, mid, and high-frequency bands. Finally, the measurement demonstrates its ability to effectively equalize a channel with a 12-dB loss at the Nyquist frequency of 16 GHz.